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Behind the numbers.

Code examples, market analysis, and data quality deep-dives.

What Is Survivorship Bias in Backtesting?
Do High Dividend Yields Come From Bigger Payouts or Falling Prices? Yield Decomposition in Python
Do Stocks Fall Harder Than They Rise? Downside Beta vs Upside Beta in Python
Does Volatility Targeting Improve Sharpe Ratios? Seven-Asset Backtest in Python
Free Stock Market Data APIs: What You Actually Get
How to Give an LLM Financial Data With an MCP Server
Does Post-Earnings Announcement Drift Survive Real Filing Dates? PEAD Event Study in Python
Do Insider Buying Clusters Predict Returns? Signal Testing in Python
Does the S&P 500 Index Effect Still Exist? Event Study in Python
Are Companies Leaving the S&P 500 Faster Than They Used To? Index Survival Analysis in Python
Does Gross Profitability Predict Stock Returns? Quintile Factor Test in Python
What Growth Rate Is the Market Pricing In? Reverse DCF in Python
Does a Strong Balance Sheet Cushion Drawdowns? Leverage and Downside Risk in Python
Does Ticker Recycling Corrupt a Mean-Reversion Backtest? Entity-Resolved Z-Scores in Python
How Much of a Growth Screen's Backtested Edge Is Survivorship Bias? Point-in-Time Index Testing in Python
Why Do Leveraged ETFs Decay? Measuring Volatility Drag in Python
Are Consumer Staples Margins Shrinking Under Inflation? Gross Margin Trend Analysis in Python
Do Weak Jobs Reports Predict Market Drawdowns? NFP Surprise Event Study in Python
Is the Rotation From Tech to Industrials Backed by Earnings? Relative EPS Growth Analysis in Python
Is the Semiconductor Rally Broadening Beyond NVIDIA? Return Dispersion Analysis in Python
Which Stocks Benefit Most When Oil Prices Fall? Oil Beta Screening in Python
Do Bond Returns Predict Stock Returns? Granger Causality Test in Python
Which Stocks Actually Drive Portfolio Returns? Shapley Value Attribution in Python
Does "Sell in May" Still Work? Calendar Anomaly Backtest in Python
How to Build Complete Price History Through Ticker Changes? Entity Resolution in Python
Are KO and PEP Cointegrated? Pairs Trading Signal Construction in Python
Which Commodities Have the Strongest Momentum? Rotation Backtest in Python
Which Commodity ETFs Have the Worst Tail Risk? Expected Shortfall in Python
Are Gold Miners Leveraged Gold Bets? Rolling Beta Analysis in Python
Does the Base-Metals-to-Gold Ratio Lead Cyclical Stocks? Signal Test in Python
Can Risk Parity Tame Commodity Volatility? Portfolio Optimization in Python
Are Power Stocks Becoming an AI Infrastructure Trade? Momentum Screening in Python
Which AI Chip Stocks Have Margin Momentum? Profitability Trend Analysis in Python
Which AI Stocks Are Cheapest Relative to Growth? Growth-Adjusted Valuation in Python
Does AI Stock Leadership Persist? Momentum Backtest in Python
Which AI Stocks Have the Cleanest Balance Sheets? Net Cash Screening in Python
Can Risk Parity Reduce Mega-Cap Drawdowns? Portfolio Optimization in Python
Which Growth Stocks Are Self-Funding? Cash-Flow Quality Screening in Python
Which Sectors Struggle When the Dollar Rallies? Sector Rotation Analysis in Python
Do Cheap Stocks Hold Up When Bonds Sell Off? Valuation Rotation in Python
Does the Nasdaq 100 Have Better Growth Quality Than the Dow? Index Constituent Analysis in Python
Do Healthcare Cash-Flow Margins Predict Returns? Signal Evaluation in Python
Which Dividend Stocks Survive a Cash-Flow Stress Test? Dividend Screening in Python
Does Heavy Insider Selling Predict Weak Returns? Insider Flow Test in Python
Can Quality Screens Reduce Small-Cap Balance-Sheet Risk? Russell 2000 Test in Python
Which Retailers Have Positive Operating Leverage? Margin Screening in Python
Is MSTR a Leveraged Bitcoin Proxy? Rolling Beta Analysis in Python
Is Micron's Memory Cycle Recovering? Inventory and Margin Forecasting in Python
Which Sectors Work When Bonds Rally? Rate-Sensitive Rotation in Python
Do One-Month Price Extremes Reverse? Signal Evaluation in Python
Do Low-Volatility S&P 500 Stocks Reduce Drawdowns? Factor Test in Python
Is AI Capex Paying Back Fast Enough? Revenue Hurdle Forecasting in Python
Could Shorter AI Asset Lives Hit Earnings? Depreciation Stress Test in Python
How Much AI Capex Risk Can a Portfolio Remove? Constrained Optimization in Python
Is the AI Capex Trade Crowded? Rolling Volatility and Sector Rotation in Python
Did the AI Boom Come From Existing S&P 500 Members? Point-in-Time Momentum Test in Python
Is AI Revenue Circular? Customer-Vendor Capex Loop Analysis in Python
Is the AI Trade Connected to Private Credit? Rolling Correlation Network in Python
Is Apollo More Balance-Sheet Sensitive Than Peers? Leverage Screen in Python
Are AI Earnings Supported by Cash Flow? Accrual and Capex Screen in Python
Can Defensive Stocks Hedge AI Drawdowns? Basket Regime Test in Python
How Fast Does the Market Price In Fed Decisions? FOMC Event Study in Python
How Much Are Options Sellers Overpaid? The Variance Risk Premium in Python
Which Companies Have the Worst Earnings Quality? Sloan Accrual Screen with Geographic Revenue Data in Python
Does the Oil-to-Gold Ratio Signal Recessions? XLE/GLD Backtest in Python
Is AI Spending Crowding Out Free Cash Flow? Capex Sustainability Across the Mag 7 in Python
Does a Long Energy / Short Bonds Portfolio Capture Inflation Surprises? Factor Construction in Python
Can a Hidden Markov Model Detect Oil Market Regimes? HMM Analysis in Python
Do Grain Prices Predict Food Inflation? Granger Causality Test in Python
Does the Corporate Credit Spread Predict Stock Market Crashes? BAA-AAA Spread Analysis in Python
Do Oil Stocks Hedge Inflation? Rolling Beta Analysis in Python
Which Stocks Are Most Rate-Sensitive? Equity Duration via Bond Beta in Python
Which Companies Have the Highest Accrual Ratios? Earnings Quality Screening in Python
Is Alpha Persistent or Decaying? Rolling Sharpe Ratio Analysis in Python
Are Markets Trending or Mean-Reverting? Hurst Exponent Analysis in Python
Is Consumer Discretionary vs Staples a Leading Indicator? XLY/XLP Ratio Analysis in Python
Does Heavy Capex Predict Future Stock Returns? Capital Expenditure Analysis in Python
How to Estimate Cost of Equity Using CAPM in Python
Is Volatility Predictable? Testing for Volatility Clustering in Python
Which Industrials Are Overleveraged? Net Debt to EBITDA Screening in Python
GM Before and After Bankruptcy: Why Entity Resolution Matters for Financial Data
What Is Adjusted Beta? Merrill Lynch Beta Shrinkage in Python
How Good Is a Stock Pick? Information Ratio and Tracking Error in Python
Do Stock Returns Follow a Normal Distribution? Testing for Fat Tails in Python
Which Large Caps Have the Highest Free Cash Flow Yield? FCF Screening in Python
Which Sectors Won Over 5 Years? Sector Rotation Analysis in Python
How to Forecast Stock Volatility with GARCH Models in Python
Are Stock Prices Mean-Reverting? Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test in Python
How to Calculate CAPM Alpha and Beta with Regression in Python
How to Compare Sector Sharpe Ratios and Sortino Ratios in Python
DELL: Why Stitching Historical Price Data Together Is Wrong
How to Analyze Drawdown and Recovery for Bank Stocks in Python
How to Screen SaaS Stocks by Revenue Growth and Cash Flow in Python
How to Screen REITs by Dividend Yield and Valuation in Python
How Correlated Are the Magnificent 7? Intra-Group Correlation in Python
AAPL vs XOM: Do Individual Stocks Have Seasonal Patterns?
How to Rank Large-Cap Stocks by Momentum in Python
How to Build a Multi-Endpoint Financial Dashboard in Python
How to Compare Volatility Across Energy Stocks in Python
How to Screen Healthcare Stocks by Valuation in Python
How to Build a Sector Correlation Matrix for Portfolio Diversification in Python
How to Find Oversold and Overbought Stocks Using Z-Scores in Python
How to Measure Earnings Quality: Cash Flow vs Net Income in Python
How to Build a Multi-Factor Stock Screen in Python (Value + Momentum + Quality)
How to Build a Simple DCF Model for Any Stock in Python
How to Screen Tech Stocks by Revenue Growth in Python
How to Screen Stocks by Balance Sheet Health in Python
Is "Sell in May" Real? SPY Monthly Seasonality Over 10 Years
How to Compare Sector Performance YTD Using Python
How to Screen Dividend Stocks by Yield and Quality in Python
How to Calculate Max Drawdown and Recovery Time for Any Stock in Python
How to Compare Profitability Across Mega-Cap Tech Stocks in Python
Why Ticker Symbols Are Unreliable: The Recycling Problem Every Quant Should Know
How to Calculate and Compare Stock Volatility in Python
How to Screen Blue-Chip Stocks by P/E Ratio in Python
How to Track Companies Through Ticker Changes, Bankruptcies, and Renames in Python
S&P 500 Turnover: How Much the Index Has Changed Since 2010
How to Calculate Stock Beta and Correlation in Python
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Free Stock Market Data APIs: What You Actually Get

Every free stock market data API charges in a currency other than money, and the usual four are request budget, history depth, data freshness, and the right to pass the data on. As of 27 July 2026 a free Alpha Vantage key is capped at 25 API requests per day; Twelve Data’s Basic plan allows 8 API credits per minute and 800 per day; Massive’s Stocks Basic plan allows 5 calls per minute against two years of end-of-day data; an xfinlink free key allows 100 requests per day against a rolling one-year window. yfinance asks for no key and no account, and its documentation points at Yahoo’s terms for what may be done with the data afterwards.

The number on the pricing page is rarely the number that decides anything. What decides it is whether the plan finishes the job you had in mind, which depends on how much data arrives per request and how far back the window reaches.

What do the free tiers actually include?

Every figure below was read off the provider’s own pages on 27 July 2026. Terms move quickly at the free end of this market, so confirm before building against one.

Source Key or account Free-plan limit First paid tier
SEC EDGAR APIs None. The SEC states the APIs “do not require any authentication or API keys to access” XBRL disclosures from 10-K, 10-Q, 8-K, 20-F, 40-F and 6-K filings None
yfinance None No published plan or rate limit; the docs state the project is “not affiliated, endorsed, or vetted by Yahoo, Inc.” None (open-source library)
Alpha Vantage Yes 25 API requests per day $49.99/month for 75 requests per minute
Massive (polygon.io redirects here) Yes 5 API calls per minute, 2 years of history, end-of-day data $29/month Stocks Starter: unlimited calls, 5 years of history, 15-minute delayed data
Twelve Data Yes 8 API credits per minute, 800 per day $79/month Grow, or $66 billed annually
xfinlink Yes 100 requests per day, one ticker per request, rolling one-year window $29/month Pro: 10,000 requests per day, prices to 1996, statements to 1950

Sources in row order: the SEC’s EDGAR API page; the yfinance documentation; the Alpha Vantage premium page; massive.com/pricing, reached because polygon.io returns a 301 redirect to massive.com; twelvedata.com/pricing; the xfinlink pricing page and docs.

Two entries in that table are not products. The SEC publishes filing data as an open API because it is the regulator, and yfinance is an open-source client for an endpoint that belongs to somebody else. Both are free the way a library card is free: nothing to pay, and nothing promised.

How many requests does the work actually take?

Daily request counts are easy to compare and easy to misread, because a budget means nothing until you know how much data comes back per call. One request for a year of Apple prices:

import xfinlink as xfl
xfl.set_api_key("YOUR_API_KEY")  # free at https://xfinlink.com/signup

df = xfl.prices("AAPL", period="1y", fields=["close", "adj_close", "volume"])
print(df.shape)
print(df.tail(2).to_string(index=False))

Output:

(250, 8)
 entity_id ticker entity_name            gics_sector       date  close  adj_close   volume
         1   AAPL   Apple Inc Information Technology 2026-07-23 321.66     321.66 40795222
         1   AAPL   Apple Inc Information Technology 2026-07-24 333.02     333.02 47402209

250 rows for one request, arriving as a pandas DataFrame with the permanent entity identifier and the sector already attached. The free plan carries one ticker per request and 100 requests a day, with a 40-per-hour burst cap, which works out to one hundred one-year daily series in a day. That is enough to build something real and debug it properly, and short of what a nightly index-wide job needs. Pro raises the per-request cap to 100 tickers and the daily budget to 10,000.

Ask the same question of any free plan you are considering: how many rows does one call return, and how many calls does one finished answer take? A quote endpoint that returns a single price per call burns an 800-request budget faster than the number suggests.

When is one year of history not enough?

Short windows are a deliberate part of how free plans are drawn: two years on Massive’s Stocks Basic plan, one rolling year on the xfinlink free plan. A one-year window suits a dashboard, a screen of current values, or a script still under construction.

It does not suit anything with the word backtest attached to it. Measuring how gross profitability predicts forward returns needs decades of statements, not quarters, and the same is true of volatility drag in leveraged ETFs, where the effect only separates from noise across a full cycle. Massive’s Stocks Starter plan costs $29 a month and carries five years. The equivalent xfinlink plan is the same $29 and reaches daily prices back to 1996 and financial statements back to 1950, which is the difference between testing an idea through one regime and testing it through several.

Which free tier fits which job?

Coursework, or an evening spent learning pandas: yfinance and the SEC APIs both do this without an account, and neither can be exhausted by a curious afternoon. The bill arrives later, when the script turns into something other people depend on, because an unofficial endpoint can change shape without notice and raw XBRL means writing and then maintaining your own mapping from tag names to a usable table.

Anything scheduled or shipped needs a key. A key is what converts a data source into a countable relationship, with a stated limit and a party who is responsible for the columns. Once that threshold is crossed the choice narrows to coverage. Options chains, intraday bars, forex and macro series point at Alpha Vantage, whose documentation runs to nine categories including realtime options and more than fifty technical indicators. US daily equity history and filing-derived financial statements, delivered as DataFrames, are what xfinlink returns, and a free key is enough to check that the shape fits before paying for the depth. Its data is built from SEC EDGAR public filings and market data, and the same endpoints are exposed to chat models through an MCP server.

What about the licence?

The yfinance documentation is direct about this. It states that the project is “not affiliated, endorsed, or vetted by Yahoo, Inc.”, that it is “intended for research and educational purposes”, that “the Yahoo! finance API is intended for personal use only”, and it directs users to Yahoo’s terms for rights over the downloaded data. Clear, and it rules out a category of use before the question of coverage arises. SEC filings carry no equivalent constraint, being public record served by a public agency.

For anything that leaves your own machine, whether a client report or a dataset you resell, the licence question comes before coverage and price. Commercial vendors answer it in writing. xfinlink prices redistribution explicitly, at $399 a month, rather than routing it through a support conversation; the pricing page carries the full plan table and the docs carry the per-endpoint limits.

FAQ

Is there a free stock market data API that needs no key at all?
Two of them. yfinance is an open-source Python client, and the SEC’s own APIs state that they do not require authentication or API keys. Neither comes with a support commitment.

Can a free tier run a screen across the whole S&P 500?
Not in one sitting. The xfinlink free plan carries one ticker per request and 100 requests a day, so 500 names spans five days of budget; Pro raises the per-request cap to 100 tickers, which turns the same screen into five calls.

Do free tiers cover financial statements, or only prices?
It varies. The SEC APIs return XBRL disclosures straight from 10-K and 10-Q filings, which is the raw source with no normalisation. A free xfinlink key returns statement data as a DataFrame with consistent field names across companies, inside the rolling one-year window.

Built with xfinlink — free financial data API for Python. pip install xfinlink

Built with xfinlink — free financial data API for Python. pip install xfinlink
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